Here is the view of a leading turntable designer (who also designs cartridges, phono amps, cables and speakers).
Apportion budget: Vinyl-based replay
Turntable 23%
Tonearm 18% (the importance of the arm is explained in tonearm overview)
Cartridge 5%
Phono Stage 25% (the phono stage accounts for up to 95% of the total amplification in Vinyl based systems)
Amplifiers 15%
Speakers 15%
The only way to sensibly quantify contribution is to do comparison tests. Magazines used to highlight the importance of front-end hierarchy by setting up two identical Linn turntables – one with a £400 Ittok tonearm and £20 AT95E cartridge. The other with a £150 Basik tonearm and £500 cartridge. Which sounded better? It may be a surprise, but the £20 cartridge in the better arm outperformed the expensive £500 cartridge in the lesser arm.
See https://www.originlive.com/key-information/how-to-choose-hi-fi-system/